Emperor Hirohito
'A document that neither guided the exercise of power nor protected the limited freedoms and rights of Japanese subjects'
Fukuzawa Yukichi - Leading Japanese advocate for Democracy in the early Meiji era
'The only reason for making the people in our country today advance toward civilisation is to preserve our country's independence.' (1973: 151)
'Unimpassioned thought will show this victory over China as nothing more than the beginning of our foreign policy.' (1948: 359)
Hane
'Two Japans' (1982:33)
Hanneman Chapter 7 - The Allied Occupation
Background from the War
'Hearts of the city had been burned out'
US Occupation of Japan
Irokawa Daikichi - 'USA…simply provided Japan with the opportunity to carry out reform'
Political Reform
Hanneman - 'Japan to renounce war forever, abolish her armed forces, pledge never to revive them'
Economic Reform
Hanneman - 'Further surgery to improve the Japanese economy for social and political reasons might kill it instead'
Peace + Security
Hanneman - 'Midwife to a new, healthy postwar Japan'
Kenneth B. Pyle
(1996:152) ‘The most distinctive feature of Japan’s early industrialisation action was the critical role played by women in the labor force.’
Kingu (most widely read newspaper in Japan) Editor
‘Vowed it would become the most ‘entertaining, beneficial, cheapest and best-selling magazine in Japan’
‘Were always a step ahead of the times’
Kingston Chapters 2 + 3
The Occupation of Japan 1945 - 1952
Kingston - ‘Demonised and dehumanised the enemy’
Kington - 'War without Mercy'
Kingston - ‘Impose pacifism by prohibiting Japan from maintaining armed forced and obliging it to renounce the right of belligerency’
The Reverse Course
Kingston - 'the American way'
Post-War Policies
Michael Schaller - ‘Yoshida worked to sabotage the program. Even Japanese conservatives cited economic, political and philosophical objections to direct rearmament…’
US-Japan Security Threat
Buckley - ‘the greatest difficulty facing the Eisenhower administration and successive conservative cabinets in Japan during the 1950s was undoubtedly the issue of the security treaty and its possible modification…’
Pork-Barrel Politics
Gavin McCormack - 'Too much of the energy, capital, and skills of the Japanese people had been appropriated, mobilised, and focused in a political economy of exploitation…’
Korea
'Protecting Japanese residents'
Irokawa
'trousers, jackets and boots as well as biscuits, beef and beer.' (1995:133)
'An average of 200,000 young girls were sold annually to serve as maids and nursemaids - a number exceeding 179,000 women who became factory workers each year' (1995:8)
Meiji Constitution
'Rich Country, Strong Army'
'Supreme command of the Army and Navy'
'Declare war, make peace and conclude treaties.'
'Japanese subjects may... be appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally'
Morimura Ichizaemon
'The secret of success in business, is the determination to work for the sake of sacrificing oneself' (Quoted in Marshall, 1967: 36)
Schirokauer 1978
'all classes high and low shall unite'
'fulfill their aspirations'
'A document that neither guided the exercise of power nor protected the limited freedoms and rights of Japanese subjects'
Fukuzawa Yukichi - Leading Japanese advocate for Democracy in the early Meiji era
'The only reason for making the people in our country today advance toward civilisation is to preserve our country's independence.' (1973: 151)
'Unimpassioned thought will show this victory over China as nothing more than the beginning of our foreign policy.' (1948: 359)
Hane
'Two Japans' (1982:33)
- rural
- urban
Hanneman Chapter 7 - The Allied Occupation
Background from the War
'Hearts of the city had been burned out'
- Expresses the exposure of the secrets of the war that had been hidden from the public
US Occupation of Japan
Irokawa Daikichi - 'USA…simply provided Japan with the opportunity to carry out reform'
Political Reform
Hanneman - 'Japan to renounce war forever, abolish her armed forces, pledge never to revive them'
- Constitution removed the Japanese Army from the picture - Way to avoid them gaining power again and taking over the country and foreign policy
Economic Reform
Hanneman - 'Further surgery to improve the Japanese economy for social and political reasons might kill it instead'
- Negative comment towards the US attempts to improve Japanese economy
- US trying to break up the various zaibatsu's - Caused Japanese aggression
- 1947 Anti-Monopoly Law - Zaibatsu's holding companies + stock was sold to the public
- 1947 Deconcentration Law - Split constitutional companies
Peace + Security
Hanneman - 'Midwife to a new, healthy postwar Japan'
- US Occupation gave birth to a healthy Japan
- Success of the Occupation
Kenneth B. Pyle
(1996:152) ‘The most distinctive feature of Japan’s early industrialisation action was the critical role played by women in the labor force.’
Kingu (most widely read newspaper in Japan) Editor
‘Vowed it would become the most ‘entertaining, beneficial, cheapest and best-selling magazine in Japan’
‘Were always a step ahead of the times’
Kingston Chapters 2 + 3
The Occupation of Japan 1945 - 1952
Kingston - ‘Demonised and dehumanised the enemy’
- Pacific War propaganda brought out the worst of their opposition for both the US and Japan
Kington - 'War without Mercy'
Kingston - ‘Impose pacifism by prohibiting Japan from maintaining armed forced and obliging it to renounce the right of belligerency’
- Article 9 of the Occupation
- Removed Japan's military force
The Reverse Course
Kingston - 'the American way'
- Japan would follow the path of Capitalism
- Reverse from what the original Occupation
Post-War Policies
Michael Schaller - ‘Yoshida worked to sabotage the program. Even Japanese conservatives cited economic, political and philosophical objections to direct rearmament…’
- Yoshida Doctrine - Rejected US pressure to build their own military forces
- Needed to focus on demonstrating capitalist superiority
- Relied on the US for security
US-Japan Security Threat
Buckley - ‘the greatest difficulty facing the Eisenhower administration and successive conservative cabinets in Japan during the 1950s was undoubtedly the issue of the security treaty and its possible modification…’
- Continuation of the security treaty - American military presence in Japan became the focal of domestic and political confrontation
- Street demonstrations against the US
- Cancellation of Eisenhower's planned visit to Japan
Pork-Barrel Politics
Gavin McCormack - 'Too much of the energy, capital, and skills of the Japanese people had been appropriated, mobilised, and focused in a political economy of exploitation…’
Korea
'Protecting Japanese residents'
- 1894 - 1895 During the Sino-Japanese War
- Japan sent 8,000 troops to Korea - Claimed to be protecting the Japanese people who lived there
Irokawa
'trousers, jackets and boots as well as biscuits, beef and beer.' (1995:133)
- Japanese Army was introduced to Western concepts
'An average of 200,000 young girls were sold annually to serve as maids and nursemaids - a number exceeding 179,000 women who became factory workers each year' (1995:8)
Meiji Constitution
'Rich Country, Strong Army'
'Supreme command of the Army and Navy'
'Declare war, make peace and conclude treaties.'
- Emperor of Japan's power stated in the Meiji Constitution
'Japanese subjects may... be appointed to civil or military or any other public offices equally'
- Obligations - Serve the military, attend school and paying taxes
Morimura Ichizaemon
'The secret of success in business, is the determination to work for the sake of sacrificing oneself' (Quoted in Marshall, 1967: 36)
Schirokauer 1978
'all classes high and low shall unite'
'fulfill their aspirations'